Beta-Myrcene is a terpene that is found in a variety of plants, including mangoes, hops, thyme, lemongrass, citrus fruits, and bay leaves [6]. It is one of the most abundant terpenes found in the cannabis plant and is responsible for many of its therapeutic effects. Overall, myrcene has a unique aroma that is described as earthy, musky, and slightly fruity. Myrcene imparts cannabis strains with a similar mildly sweet flavor profile and aromatic notes that are spicy, earthy, and musky. High myrcene cannabis strains are great for relaxing in the evening and are also important for medical cannabis patients.
Beta-Myrcene in Cannabis: The Entourage Effect
In cannabis, myrcene is likely the compound that is responsible for the “couch lock” effect and narcotic-like sedative effects [3, 5, 6]. Researchers suspect that myrcene may also play a role in enhancing the psychoactive effects of cannabis by helping cannabinoids cross the blood-brain barrier, increasing transport into the brain. Cannabis terpenes and cannabinoids are thought to have an “entourage effect” where they work in synergy [4]. Here are some examples:
- Myrcene in combination with cannabinol (CBD) is believed to have a stronger anti-inflammatory effect [4].
- In combination with tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and CBD, it is believed to have stronger analgesic effects [4].
- The combined effects of THC and myrcene are thought to result in strong sedative, muscle relaxant, and hypnotic effects [4].
- Myrcene is also believed to have synergistic benefits that boost the neuroprotective antioxidant effects of THC and CBD [5].
High Myrcene Cannabis Strains: Indica vs Sativa
Cannabis strains, especially indica varieties, which contain high concentrations of myrcene (>0.5% myrcene) are likely to be sedative [6]. On the other hand, strains low in myrcene (<0.5%) are likely to have a more energetic high. In a 2010 study of cannabis strain terpenes, researchers found that myrcene could be found in both indica and sativa strains, but in different proportions [1]. Cannabis strains that are indica-dominant have been characterized as having high levels of myrcene, with the terpenes limonene or alpha-pinene also being very abundant. Cannabis strains that are sativa-dominant typically have more diverse and complex terpene profiles. Some sativa-dominant strains have terpinolene or alpha-pinene as the dominant terpene, but others may have myrcene as the dominant terpene and terpinolene or ocimene as secondary dominating terpenes.
Not all high myrcene strains are sedative. When it comes to the level of sedation and relaxation you might experience with a high myrcene cannabis strain, the dose is very important. If you use small amounts of high myrcene cannabis or have built up a tolerance, it is less likely that you’ll experience heavy sedation. However, novice cannabis users should start slowly with strains and try them first in the evenings for indicas or on a weekend afternoon for sativas. That said, there is much to love about the deep relaxation myrcene dominant cannabis strains can provide along with the unique fruit flavors it creates.
- Mimosa
The cannabis strain Mimosa (aka Purple Mimosa) is a sativa-dominant cross of Purple Punch and Clementine. This fruity cannabis strain packs a punch with average THC content ranging from 20% to 27%. The effects of the Mimosa strain may differ based on how much you use. It is common that smaller doses produce a happy and uplifting high that is still very functional. Despite its sativa-dominance, larger doses of this high-potency cannabis stain may produce effects that are relaxing but sedative. The Mimosa strain offers “mimosa-like” flavors of grapefruit, lemon, and orange that come from its leading terpenes myrcene, pinene, and caryophyllene.
- Tangie
California Orange and Skunk 1 were crossed to create the sativa strain Tangie. Since its creation, Tangie has won popularity for its tropical citrus flavors and potent energizing high. Its flavors can be attributed to the terpenes myrcene, terpinolene, and pinene. Tangie typically has high THC potency over 20%, along with its strong energizing effects, which makes it most suitable for experienced cannabis users. If you are looking for a cannabis strain to help you get motivated and combat fatigue or low moods, Tangie is a great option.
- Northern Lights
Northern Lights is a cannabis strain that has been around since the mid-80s, so it comes in a huge variety of phenotypes (Northern Lights #1, #2, #3, #5, F2, and so on). These phenotypes have the same core genetics but slightly different characteristics are expressed. Northern Lights is considered to be a pure indica cross of Afghani x Thai landraces. It is known for offering a balanced mind and body high with overall relaxation and euphoria. Northern Lights differs from Afghani-derived Kush strains because it has this balance and is not heavily sedating. The average THC in Northern Lights is typically under 20% THC, so it is suitable for both novice and experienced cannabis users. Northern Lights has a distinct pine scent accompanied by flavor notes of earth and spice. Its dominant terpenes are myrcene, caryophyllene, and pinene. This classic strain is one that every cannabis user should experience at least once.
- Papaya
The cannabis strain Papaya is a calming indica-dominant hybrid of Citral #13 and Ice #2. Its dominant terpenes myrcene, limonene, and caryophyllene combine with minor terpenes to create a flavors profile of tropical fruits like papaya and mango with notes of sweetness and spice. Along with its amazing flavors, the Papaya strain is loved for its mentally calming effects. Papaya has moderate potency that is typically under 20%. In smaller doses, some users feel a slight energizing effect along with the mental calm. In larger doses, Papaya users may experience more typical indica effects of sedation and deep relaxation. This flexibility makes the Papaya a great option for cannabis users of all experience levels and for both day and evening use.
- Pineapple Express
The sativa-dominant cannabis strain Pineapple Express has soared to fame. Pineapple Express is a cross of Trainwreck and Hawaiian that produces a long-lasting energetic high with just moderate THC levels (around 18% average). This strain has a high that is buzzy and alert with happy vibes and creative inspiration. Along with these effects, Pineapple Express is also well-loved for its tropical and citrus fruit flavors which can be attributed to the terpenes myrcene, caryophyllene, and pinene, along with minor terpenes like terpinolene, ocimene, linalool, and limonene. Pineapple Express is a great strain for daytime use, socialization, and adventures.
- Strawberry Cough
The Strawberry Cough cannabis strain is famous for its sweet strawberry flavor that can be attributed to its dominant terpenes myrcene, pinene, and caryophyllene. This energetic sativa-dominent hybrid is a cross of the strains Haze and Strawberry Fields. The Strawberry Cought strain averages 17% to 21% THC and offers a cerebral high that uplifts the mood. Since Strawberry Cough’s effects are typically more mild and functional, many cannabis users like this strain for daytime smoking and socialization. It is also a good option for novice cannabis users.
- Mango
The cannabis strain Mango (aka Mango OG) was created by crossing Aghani with KC 33. This indica-dominant hybrid has euphoric, relaxing, and uplifting effects that creep on slowly. While it typically has less than 20% THC, users should allow extra activation time before indulging in more due to this “creeper” effect which can result in sedation. That said, the Mango strain has a lot to offer. Its genetics are rumored to have originated with an unknown hippie breeder in the 60s, but the modern breed was established around 1991. Since its inception, the Mango strain has been adored for its big juicy buds that burst with fruity tropical mango flavor and notes of citrus and earth. Its dominant terpenes are myrcene, pinene, and caryophyllene. Mango is a great cannabis strain for users of all experience levels, but it should be tried in the evening first before experimenting with daytime use.
Benefits of Myrcene
One of the most significant benefits of myrcene is its anti-inflammatory properties [5]. Inflammation is a natural response by the body’s immune system to infection or injury. However, chronic inflammation can lead to a range of health problems, including arthritis, heart disease, and cancer. Myrcene has been shown to reduce inflammation in the body and may help to prevent these conditions. Myrcene is also a potent sedative, which makes it useful for treating insomnia and other sleep disorders. It is believed to work by relaxing the muscles and reducing anxiety, helping the body to fall asleep faster and stay asleep longer. In addition to its anti-inflammatory and sedative properties, myrcene has also been shown to have analgesic, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects. It may also have potential as an anti-cancer agent, as studies have shown that it can inhibit the growth of certain types of cancer cells. A medical marijuana doctor may be able to help you more if you have questions about what strains you may want to try.
Uses of Myrcene
Myrcene has a wide range of potential uses, including:
- Pain relief: Myrcene’s analgesic properties make it useful for relieving pain and inflammation [2, 5, 6]. The duration of myrcene’s analgesic effect surprisingly exceeds that of morphine (4 hours) [4].
- Sleep aid: Myrcene’s sedative properties make it an effective natural remedy for insomnia and other sleep disorders [3, 4, 6].
- Anti-cancer agent: Myrcene’s ability to inhibit the growth of certain types of cancer cells makes it a potential treatment for cancer [6].
- Aromatherapy: Myrcene is used in essential oils and aromatherapy blends for its calming and relaxing properties. Myrcene is used as a starting material for commercially important scents and flavors such as menthol, nerol, geraniol, and linalool [6].
- Flavoring agent: Myrcene is used in the food industry to add flavor to foods and beverages [6].
Is Myrcene Safe?
Despite myrcene’s many benefits, it has come under scrutiny as a potential carcinogen [6]. Based on rodent studies by the National Toxicology Program, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ruled that it could no longer be used as a food additive in 2018. However, other regulatory and scientific expert bodies have since argued that myrcene is safe under conditions of intended use as a flavoring substance. Many foods naturally contain significant levels of myrcene, and it is still present as a flavoring in many FDA-permitted foods. The FDA has since confirmed that when myrcene is used as intended (estimated daily intake 1.23 μg/kg bw/day for a 60 kg person) it is not a safety concern.
References
- Casano, S., Grassi, G., Martini, V., & Michelozzi, M. (2010, August). Variations in terpene profiles of different strains of Cannabis sativa L. In XXVIII International Horticultural Congress on Science and Horticulture for People (IHC2010): A New Look at Medicinal and 925 (pp. 115-121).
http://cc.darkcityradio.com/hosted-blog/seed-to-oil/seeds/strains/
- Jansen, C., Shimoda, L. M. N., Kawakami, J. K., Ang, L., Bacani, A. J., Baker, J. D., … & Turner, H. (2019). Myrcene and terpene regulation of TRPV1. Channels, 13(1), 344-366.
- Lewis, M. A., Russo, E. B., & Smith, K. M. (2018). Pharmacological foundations of cannabis chemovars. Planta medica, 84(04), 225-233.
https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/html/10.1055/s-0043-122240
- Russo, E. B. (2011). Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid‐terpenoid entourage effects. British journal of pharmacology, 163(7), 1344-1364.
https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01238.x
- Russo, E. B., & Marcu, J. (2017). Cannabis pharmacology: the usual suspects and a few promising leads. Advances in pharmacology, 80, 67-134.
- Surendran, S., Qassadi, F., Surendran, G., Lilley, D., & Heinrich, M. (2021). Myrcene—what are the potential health benefits of this flavouring and aroma agent?. Frontiers in nutrition, 8, 699666.
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2021.699666/full
